Larsen & Toubro Share Price Today (04 Dec, 2023) Live NSE/BSE updates on The Economic Times. Check out why Larsen & Toubro share price is up today. Get detailed Larsen & Toubro share price news and analysis, Dividend, Quarterly results information, and more.Naturally, returns that are certain (and large and quick) are far preferable to returns that are uncertain (and small and distant). Naturally also, a company must make trade-offs; only if the ...The Invesco S&P 500 ® High Beta ETF (Fund) is based on the S&P 500 ® High Beta Index (Index). The Fund will invest at least 90% of its total assets in the securities that comprise the Index. The Index is compiled, maintained and calculated by Standard & Poor's and consists of the 100 stocks from the S&P 500 ® Index with the highest ...The constant beta CAPM (Sharpe, 1964) is the basic model that is popularly used across the world to calculate expected returns of stocks. The model in its original form may be described as follows. The model in its original form may be described as follows.Index performance for Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Stock Index / VN-Index (VNINDEX) including value, chart, profile & other market data.Dec 1, 2023 · Beta is a measure of risk commonly used to compare the volatility of stocks, mutual funds, or ETFs to that of the overall market. The S&P 500 Index is the base for calculating beta with a value of ... Find the latest Dollar General Corporation (DG) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 0.40: PE Ratio (TTM ...Alpha and beta are two different parts of an equation used to explain the performance of stocks and investment funds. Beta is a measure of volatility relative to a benchmark, such as the S&P 500.Beta is a measure of risk commonly used to compare the volatility of stocks, mutual funds, or ETFs to that of the overall market. The S&P 500 Index is the base ...28 Mar 2022 ... Abstract Stock price fluctuations affect investor returns, particularly, in this pandemic situation that has triggered stock market shocks.Traditionally, the primary benchmark for stocks is the S&P 500 index, which is assigned a beta of 1.0. Growth stocks, and other stocks with high variability, generally have a beta above 1.0, which ...Naturally, returns that are certain (and large and quick) are far preferable to returns that are uncertain (and small and distant). Naturally also, a company must make trade-offs; only if the ...May 16, 2023 · This means the stock price has almost twice the volatility of the market. In contrast, Duke Energy ( NYSE: DUK) has a beta of around 0.35. This means it is not a very volatile stock, which is what investors would expect from a utility stock. However, this doesn’t mean that the stock is underperforming. Find the latest Canoo Inc. (GOEV) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing.Dec 20, 2022 · The beta for a stock is a measurement of the volatility of that particular stock compared to the market as a whole. For example, if a company is known for being more stable than other businesses ... The Invesco S&P 500 ® High Beta ETF (Fund) is based on the S&P 500 ® High Beta Index (Index). The Fund will invest at least 90% of its total assets in the securities that comprise the Index. The Index is compiled, maintained and calculated by Standard & Poor's and consists of the 100 stocks from the S&P 500 ® Index with the highest ...Beta is a coefficient used to measure an asset's volatility compared to a benchmark. Stock beta is usually measured compared to a baseline of 1, representing an index like the S&P 500. Beta is a useful risk measurement tool, but tells investors little about the machinations of the underlying company. 5 stocks we like better than Apple.Find the latest Consolidated Edison, Inc. (ED) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 0.38: PE Ratio (TTM ...Beta is a measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the overall market. By definition, the market, such as the S&P 500 Index, has a beta of 1.0, and individual stocks are ranked according to how much they deviate from the market. A stock that swings more than the market over time has a betaabove 1.0. If a … See moreFind the latest Chevron Corporation (CVX) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 1.16: PE Ratio (TTM) 10.75 ...Unlevered beta compares the risk of an unlevered company to the risk of the market. The unlevered beta is the beta of a company without taking its debt into account. Unlevering a beta removes the ...Find the latest Consolidated Edison, Inc. (ED) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 0.38: PE Ratio (TTM ...Price to Sales Ratio 1.84. 1 Year Return 1.28%. 30 Day Avg Volume 108,324,371.87. EPS 109.14. Last Dividend Reported 0.348308. About FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI Index - Kuala Lumpur Composite Index ...Price volatility and the movement of price position to market changes are compared to determine the relative risk of any given stock. The most volatile stocks have a higher beta. Companies with a high beta, over a value of 1, generally have a higher implied volatility, while those under 1 do not. A given value for a company can differ …Dec 7, 2022 · Portfolio beta is the measure of an entire portfolio’s sensitivity to market changes while stock beta is just a snapshot of an individual stock’s volatility. Since a portfolio is a collection ... Jan 10, 2023 · Beta is the volatility of an asset compared against a benchmark. When we are talking about stocks, the benchmark is normally the S&P 500. Because the S&P 500 is an index of the 500 largest companies in the US, it gives a solid figure to understand what normal returns and volatility should look like. The beta of a stock illustrates how risky an ... About Beta. Beta is a measure of risk commonly used to compare the volatility of stocks, mutual funds, or ETFs to that of the overall market. The S&P 500 Index is the base for calculating beta ...What is beta in finance? A company with high beta, give high returns but also has high risks. β <1>0 – Less volatile than the market. β =0 – Stock uncorrelated to the market. Stocks that have no associated risks have a beta value of 0. Examples of government bonds, fixed deposits, and cash. Find the latest Caterpillar Inc. (CAT) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 1.08: PE Ratio (TTM) 14.56 ...Oct 6, 2021 · To calculate beta, the formula is as follows: Beta coefficient (β) = Covariance of a stock / Variance. Where, Covariance is how changes in a stock’s returns are related to changes in the market’s returns. Variance is how far the market’s data points spread out from their average value . In theory, the beta value of a benchmark index is ... TradingView India. Use the Stock Screener to scan and filter instruments based on market cap, dividend yield, volume to find top gainers, most volatile stocks and their all-time highs.The beta for any stock can be found on most popular financial websites or through your online broker. Examples of beta. Here are three popular securities and their betas as of July 14, 2023.Using beta as a measure of risk. The level of beta represents the systematic risk of a stock. A stock that is more volatile than the market over time has a beta greater than 1.0 and is a high-beta stock. High-beta stocks may be riskier, but provide the potential for higher returns. If a stock moves less than the overall market’s volatility ...The beta formula measures a stock’s volatility relative to the overall stock market. It can be calculated using the covariance/variance method, the slope method in Excel, and the …Stock name: BETA, Stock Code: 0263, Company: BETAMEK BERHAD, Sector: INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS & SERVICES.Beta Technologies Inc. Beta Technologies, Inc. is an aviation company. The Company designs and manufactures electric aircrafts and recharging pad systems. Beta Technologies serves cargo, passenger ...Using beta as a measure of risk. The level of beta represents the systematic risk of a stock. A stock that is more volatile than the market over time has a beta greater than 1.0 and is a high-beta stock. High-beta stocks may be riskier, but provide the potential for higher returns. If a stock moves less than the overall market’s volatility ...The beta stock calculator determines the beta of a stock, which is a measure of how volatile a stockis relative to the benchmark market. In this beta stock calculator, …See the latest Samsung Electronics Co Ltd stock price (005930:XKRX), related news, valuation, dividends and more to help you make your investing decisions.RCL. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 107.46. +1.55. +1.46%. In this article, we will take a look at the 12 best high beta stocks to buy now. To skip our analysis of the recent market trends and ...Chris Canova: Sure.So, I think when you think about the differences between a high-beta stock and a high-volatility stock or a low-beta stock and a low-volatility stock, it's going to be the ...Beta is a measurement of an asset’s risk compared to a benchmark, like the stock market. Beta calculates how an asset, such as a stock, moves in comparison to a …Precio del Beta Finance hoy: capitalización bursátil, gráficos, operaciones y más datos sobre la cotización del Beta Finance o precio BETA en tiempo real.The beta is the number that tells the investor how that stock acts compared to all other stocks, or at least in comparison to the stocks that comprise a relevant index. Beta measures a...Find the latest Walmart Inc. (WMT) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing.Multiply each stock’s fractional share by its Beta. This will calculate the stock’s weighted beta: Stock ABB’s beta of 1.2 X its fractional portfolio of 0.125 = 0.15. 4. Add up the individual weighted betas. Here is the whole hypothetical portfolio with a total beta of 1.22, benchmarked to the S&P 500.Find the latest Microsoft Corporation (MSFT) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 0.88: PE Ratio (TTM) 36 ...Beta is a measure of risk commonly used to compare the volatility of stocks, mutual funds, or ETFs to that of the overall market. The S&P 500 Index is the base ...7 Des 2022 ... In finance, the greek letter Beta is a measure of how the price of a stock or security tends to move compared to the rest of the market.Stock control is important because it prevents retailers from running out of products, according to the Houston Chronicle. Stock control also helps retailers keep track of goods that may have been lost or stolen.The three major U.S. stock exchanges are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the NASDAQ and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). As of 2014, the NYSE is the largest and most prestigious of the three. The NASDAQ is a virtual stock exchange.Find the latest Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc. (WBD) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 1.61: PE Ratio ...Sep 21, 2023 · If a stock's price movements, or swings, are less than those of the market, then the beta value will be less than 1. Since increased volatility of stock price means more risk to the investor, it's reasonable to expect greater returns from stocks with betas over 1. The reverse is true if a stock's beta is less than 1; expect less volatility ... Find the latest Apple Inc. (AAPL) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 1.30: PE Ratio (TTM) 31.15: EPS ...Jun 6, 2022 · Beta is a measurement of an asset’s risk compared to a benchmark, like the stock market. The market or benchmark used to calculate an asset’s beta always has a beta of 1. Stocks that have a ... Beta indicates how volatile a stock's price has been in comparison to the market as a whole. A high alpha is always good. A high beta may be preferred by an investor in growth stocks but shunned ...Alpha is one of five standard performance ratios that are commonly used to evaluate individual stocks or an investment portfolio, with the other four being beta, standard deviation, R-squared, and the Sharpe ratio. Alpha is usually a single number (e.g., 1 or 4) representing a percentage that reflects how an investment performed relative to a ... Most beta calculations assume that the relationship between a stock and the market is symmetric, meaning a stock that's sensitive to market movements will react similarly whether the market is ...Beta-glucan is a type of water-soluble dietary fiber found in a variety of different foods. Because it’s water soluble, the fiber in beta-glucan-rich foods attracts water and turns to a gel-like consistency during the digestion process.Find the latest Microsoft Corporation (MSFT) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 0.88: PE Ratio (TTM) 36 ...Sep 28, 2023 · Beta equal to 1: The stock is as volatile as the Nifty 50. If the index increases, the stock is also likely to increase at a similar pace, and vice versa. Beta of more than 1: The stock is more volatile compared to the index. For example, if the Nifty moves up by 2.5%, the stock price increases at a higher rate. Beta is a measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the overall market. By definition, the market, such as the S&P 500 Index, has a beta of 1.0, and individual stocks are ranked according to how much they deviate from the market. A stock that swings more than the market over time has a betaabove 1.0. If a … See moreThe Invesco S&P 500 ® High Beta ETF (Fund) is based on the S&P 500 ® High Beta Index (Index). The Fund will invest at least 90% of its total assets in the securities that comprise the Index. The Index is compiled, maintained and calculated by Standard & Poor's and consists of the 100 stocks from the S&P 500 ® Index with the highest ...The beta of a stock intends to measure that extra risk over the market risk. Similarly, a portfolio made by different assets will have an inherent risk over the market unless, of course, you invest in a market index like the SPY ETF. In such a case, the beta of your portfolio would be equal to the market, which is 1. ...If you’re just getting started, tracking investments might seem like a mystery. Thankfully, modern tools and technology make it easier than ever to figure out how to manage your stock portfolio and to track it. This quick guide gives you ti...Betashares, a leading Australian fund manager specialising in ETFs. Over $30 billion under management, we serve over 1 million investors.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Jul 12, 2023 · Beta is a measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the overall market. It is a component of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which calculates the cost of equity funding and the expected return of a stock based on its beta value. Learn how to read, calculate, and compare beta values, and how they affect the risk and reward of investing in stocks. Find the latest Dollar General Corporation (DG) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 0.40: PE Ratio (TTM ...Sep 20, 2022 · Investors might assume that technology stocks are the highest beta group, but for the 10-year trailing period, the group actually ranks fourth, behind energy, consumer cyclical, and basic materials. Beta is a measure of risk and volatility a portfolio or stock has in comparison to the overall market's risk. It is used to calculate the expected return of ...28 okt 2022 ... Using beta as a measure of risk. The level of beta represents the systematic risk of a stock. A stock that is more volatile than the market over ...The riskiest Indian stocks on the market. Beta is a concept measuring how volatile a stock is, relative to the overall market. High beta stocks can make good assets for investors with a high tolerance to risk, as that risk means they also carry the potential of creating high returns.Price volatility and the movement of price position to market changes are compared to determine the relative risk of any given stock. The most volatile stocks have a higher beta. Companies with a high beta, over a value of 1, generally have a higher implied volatility, while those under 1 do not. A given value for a company can differ depending ...Nov 20, 2023 · In a nutshell, beta is a measure of how reactive a stock is to overall market movements – particularly those of the S&P 500 benchmark index. Obviously, stocks move individually, and for a ... To calculate beta, the formula is as follows: Beta coefficient (β) = Covariance of a stock / Variance. Where, Covariance is how changes in a stock’s returns are related to changes in the market’s returns. Variance is how far the market’s data points spread out from their average value . In theory, the beta value of a benchmark index is ...Beta (5-year): 0.63. Dividend yield: 4.2%. Analysts' consensus recommendation: 2.06 (Buy) Analysts' ratings: 7 Strong Buy, 5 Buy, 5 Hold, 0 Sell, 1 Strong Sell. Utility stocks have a reputation ...Find the latest DraftKings Inc. (DKNG) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 1.81: PE Ratio (TTM) N/A: EPS ...Alpha Stock Market Value and Beta Stock Market Value Comparison. Alpha value compares the overall return of your investment to the gross return of a baseline index. On the other hand, Beta evaluates how unpredictable a given asset is compared to a baseline index. When comparing mutual funds, the Alpha value is frequently employed.Beta stock, 1976 bicentennial quarters, yamaha tvs
Mar 13, 2019 · The Greek letter beta in finance refers to a measure of volatility and risk when talking about stocks or other investments. It compares how volatile a stock price is relative to the market as a ... . Beta stock
spy dividend ex dateNaturally, returns that are certain (and large and quick) are far preferable to returns that are uncertain (and small and distant). Naturally also, a company must make trade-offs; only if the ...BETA in the share market is an indicator used by investors to assess the risk attached to a specific stock. It is a great way for investors to measure a stock’s volatility and ensure that they ...Find the latest Caterpillar Inc. (CAT) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 1.08: PE Ratio (TTM) 14.56 ...List of Nifty 50 Stocks with Betas calculated from small duration (1 Month) to longer (four years) with Nifty 50 Index as base. Beta Technologies Inc. Beta Technologies, Inc. is an aviation company. The Company designs and manufactures electric aircrafts and recharging pad systems. Beta Technologies serves cargo, passenger ...According to Accountingbase.com, common stock is neither an asset nor a liability; it is considered equity. Equity is basically considered to mathematically be the difference between the total assets and total liabilities of a company.Jun 30, 2022 · Beta (β) is a measure of the volatility — or systematic risk — of a security or portfolio compared to the market as a whole (usually the S&P 500). Stocks with betas higher than 1.0 can be... Find the latest Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing.Beta is a measurement of an asset’s risk compared to a benchmark, like the stock market. Beta calculates how an asset, such as a stock, moves in comparison to a …The beta for a stock describes how much the stock's price moves compared to the market. If a stock has a beta above 1, it's more volatile than the overall market. For example, if an asset has a ...The beta for any stock can be found on most popular financial websites or through your online broker. Examples of beta. Here are three popular securities and their betas as of July 14, 2023.As the Underlying Stock Price Changes—Delta and Gamma . At its simplest interpretation, delta is the total amount the option price is expected to move based on a $1 change in the underlying ...0.00%. $17.26B. WMT | Complete Walmart Inc. stock news by MarketWatch. View real-time stock prices and stock quotes for a full financial overview.Jul 12, 2023 · On the other hand, a stock with a beta over 1 will lose more than the S&P when it falls but will also gain more than the S&P when it posts a gain. For example, pretend Vermeer's Venom Extraction has a beta of .5. When the stock market jumps 30%, Vermeer's only gains 15%. But when the stock market sheds 30%, Vermeer's drops only 15%. Jul 22, 2011 · Chris Canova: Sure.So, I think when you think about the differences between a high-beta stock and a high-volatility stock or a low-beta stock and a low-volatility stock, it's going to be the ... On the other hand, a stock with a beta over 1 will lose more than the S&P when it falls but will also gain more than the S&P when it posts a gain. For example, pretend Vermeer's Venom Extraction has a beta of .5. When the stock market jumps 30%, Vermeer's only gains 15%. But when the stock market sheds 30%, Vermeer's drops only 15%.The beta (β) of an investment security (i.e., a stock) is a measurement of its volatility of returns relative to the entire market. It is used as a measure of risk and is an integral part …Advantages include –. Indicates the degree of interdependence between two parameters. High beta stocks can be useful for investors seeking substantial profits. Low beta stocks can be helpful for investors looking for stable returns. Helps evaluate the stock’s past performance in line with the market’s historic performance.Find the latest Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing.Assuming the stock has a beta of 0.75, the hedge value would be. 500000*0.75. = 375,000/-. Once you arrive at this, directly divide the hedge value by the Nifty’s contract value to estimate the number of lots required (to short) in the futures market, and hence with this you can hedge the spot position safely.Are you facing issues while trying to install IMO Beta on your device? Don’t worry, you’re not alone. Many users encounter problems during the installation process. In this article, we will discuss some common issues faced during IMO Beta i...A stock that moves more than the market over time has a beta greater than 1.0. If a stock moves less than the market, the stock's beta is less than 1.0. High-beta stocks tend to be riskier but ...Here’s an example: Let’s say you want to purchase shares of a stock with a beta of 1.5. This means that the stock carries 50% more risk than the overall market. If you are a risk-averse ...Sep 20, 2022 · Investors might assume that technology stocks are the highest beta group, but for the 10-year trailing period, the group actually ranks fourth, behind energy, consumer cyclical, and basic materials. Beta is a measure of risk commonly used to compare the volatility of stocks, mutual funds, or ETFs to that of the overall market. The S&P 500 Index is the base ...Find the latest Rivian Automotive, Inc. (RIVN) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 2.05: PE Ratio (TTM ...Find Yahoo Finance predefined, ready-to-use stock screeners to search stocks by industry, index membership, and more. Create your own screens with over 150 different screening criteria.List of Nifty 50 Stocks with Betas calculated from small duration (1 Month) to longer (four years) with Nifty 50 Index as base.With stocks at historic highs, many individuals are wondering if the time is right to make their first foray in the stock market. The truth is, there is a high number of great stocks to buy today. However, you might be unsure how to begin.25 កក្កដា 2022 ... A beta value in between 0 and + 1.0 implies that the stock is less volatile than the market. This means that adding this stock to one's ...Beta is a concept measuring how volatile a stock is, relative to the overall market. High beta stocks can make good assets for investors with a high tolerance to risk, as that risk means they also carry the potential of creating high returns. Investing in these stocks can of course work, but remember that benefit and loss are two sides of the ... The beta stock calculator determines the beta of a stock, which is a measure of how volatile a stockis relative to the benchmark market. In this beta stock calculator, …7 Des 2022 ... In finance, the greek letter Beta is a measure of how the price of a stock or security tends to move compared to the rest of the market.The three major U.S. stock exchanges are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the NASDAQ and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). As of 2014, the NYSE is the largest and most prestigious of the three. The NASDAQ is a virtual stock exchange.Price to Sales Ratio 1.84. 1 Year Return 1.28%. 30 Day Avg Volume 108,324,371.87. EPS 109.14. Last Dividend Reported 0.348308. About FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI Index - Kuala Lumpur Composite Index ...Stock "beta" is a statistical measure that compares the volatility of returns on a specific stock to those of the market as a whole. It is an important indicator of the risk …The beta for any stock can be found on most popular financial websites or through your online broker. Examples of beta. Here are three popular securities and their betas as of July 14, 2023.Price volatility and the movement of price position to market changes are compared to determine the relative risk of any given stock. The most volatile stocks have a higher beta. Companies with a high beta, over a value of 1, generally have a higher implied volatility, while those under 1 do not. A given value for a company can differ depending ...Beta is a measure of a stock's volatility in relation to the overall market. It is a component of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which calculates the cost of equity funding and the expected return of a stock based on its beta value. Learn how to read, calculate, and compare beta values, and how they affect the risk and reward of investing in stocks.What Is Beta? For example, a stock’s risk is measured against a benchmark stock index, such as the S&P 500 Index in U.S. trading. It’s useful in determining a stock’s volatility relative to ...Beta indicates how volatile a stock's price has been in comparison to the market as a whole. A high alpha is always good. A high beta may be preferred by an investor in growth stocks but shunned ...WMT. Walmart Inc. 155.35. -0.73. -0.47%. In this article we are going to share 11 best low beta stocks to buy according to 900+ hedge funds tracked by Insider Monkey. You can also check out our ...Jan 10, 2023 · Beta is the volatility of an asset compared against a benchmark. When we are talking about stocks, the benchmark is normally the S&P 500. Because the S&P 500 is an index of the 500 largest companies in the US, it gives a solid figure to understand what normal returns and volatility should look like. The beta of a stock illustrates how risky an ... Beta is a way of measuring a stock’s volatility compared with the overall market’s volatility. By definition, the market as a whole has a beta of 1, and everything else is defined in relation ...In finance, the beta (β or market beta or beta coefficient) is a statistic that measures the expected increase or decrease of an individual stock price in proportion to movements of the stock market as a whole. Beta can be used to indicate the contribution of an individual asset to the market risk of a portfolio when it is added in small quantity.The Beta Coefficient relates to the stock market by. Investors use the beta coefficient to measure your stock's risk compared to the overall market risk. The beta coefficient of 1 represents the market's volatility. When a stock has a coefficient of 1, it will move with the market in terms of risk and volatility.Beta. The measure of an asset's risk in relation to the market (for example, the S&P500) or to an alternative benchmark or factors. Roughly speaking, a security with a beta of 1.5, …Download Table | Individual stock's beta coefficient from publication: Markowitz Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model for Kuala Lumpur Stock ...The Stock Beta can have three types of values: Beta < 0: If the Beta is negative, this implies an inverse relationship between the stock and the underlying market or... Beta = …Find the latest Caterpillar Inc. (CAT) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. ... Beta (5Y Monthly) 1.08: PE Ratio (TTM) 14.56 ...Title. Investors may trade in the Pre-Market (4:00-9:30 a.m. ET) and the After Hours Market (4:00-8:00 p.m. ET). Participation from Market Makers and ECNs is strictly voluntary and as a result ...Beta is calculated as : where, Y is the returns on your portfolio or stock - DEPENDENT VARIABLE. X is the market returns or index - INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. Variance is the square of standard deviation. Covariance is a statistic that measures how two variables co-vary, and is given by: Where, N denotes the total number of observations, and and .... Central finance, ngc stock